CHINT - Cultural Heritage Historical Context Ontology

This class comprises all olfactory stimuli, or smells, considered as unique and un-repeatable, possibly existing in a specific time and place, to not be confused with possible generalisation.

Example: * The smell of a specific rose in my garden in a rainy day (and not the general smell of roses)

This class comprises events in which a specific smell has been generated, either by human intervention or because of natural phenomena.

Examples: * The eruption of Vesuvius in 79 d.C. emitted sulphuric smells (Pliny the Younger, Epistulae) * A perfumed candle is emitting good smell of lavender

This class comprises activities in which an actor (human or animal) is perceiving a smell

• http://data.odeuropa.eu/ontology/F1_generated ^op
• http://data.odeuropa.eu/ontology/F2_perceived ^op

• http://data.odeuropa.eu/ontology/F2_perceived ^op
• http://data.odeuropa.eu/ontology/F6_evoked ^op

This datatype describes dates, dates and times, and intervals that adhere to features of any of EDTF Levels 0, 1, or 2.

• has EDTF datetime description ^op
• in EDTF datetime ^op

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P31_has_modified ^op
• createsPhysicalVersion ^op

• Part Addition ^c
• Part Removal ^c

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P140_assigned_attribute_to ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P141_assigned ^op

• augmented ^op
• added ^op
• diminished ^op
• removed ^op

• P2 has type ^op
• motivated by ^op
• motivates ^op

• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP11_has_classificatory_subject ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP14_has_functional_subject ^op
• function assumed by ^op
• motivated by ^op
• motivates ^op

• E2 Temporal Entity ^c
• E52 Time-Span ^c
• Place ^c

• Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, human-made objects, such as a sword, and human-made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even human-made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation. Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it human-made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may continue to be non-human-made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.

  Examples: - the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990). - the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991) - the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921) - the Colosseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011) - the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005) - the Rosetta Stone (E22) - my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious) - the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22) - my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious)

  In First Order Logic: - E24(x) ⇒ E18(x) - E24(x) ⇒ E71(x)

• This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, Human-Made objects, such as a sword, and Human-Made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.Instances of Human-Made thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even Human-Made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation.Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new Human-Made thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as physical Human-Made things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it Human-Made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of a physical Human-Made thing may continue to be non-Human-Made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.

• shows visual item ^op
• manifestsIn ^op

• createsPhysicalVersion ^op
• manifestsIn ^op

• E55 Type ^c
• Culture ^c

This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

• P4 has time-span ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P9_consists_of ^op

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E4_Period ^c
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/CRMinf/I2_Belief ^c
• ZE1 Institutional Fact ^c

This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks, images and other visual works.This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual qualities (symbols, marks or images etc.). The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

• shows visual item ^op
• conceptuallyModifies ^op
• createsConceptualVersion ^op

Scope note: This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which they can be held responsible.

Examples: - London and Continental Railways (E74) - the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21) - Sir Ian McKellen (E21) (Gibson, 1986)

In First Order Logic: - E39(x) ⇒ E77(x)

• P11 had participant ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P14_carried_out_by ^op

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E21_Person ^c
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E74_Group ^c

• Scope note: This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end, and a duration. Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning. Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which people can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies. Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span. When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.

  Examples: - 1961 - From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996 - 14h30 to 16h22 4(th) July 1945 - 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999 - the time-span of the Ming Dynasty (Chan, 2011)

  In First Order Logic: - E52(x) ⇒ E1(x)

• This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end, and a duration. Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning. Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which people can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies. Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span. When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P79_beginning_is_qualified_by ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P80_end_is_qualified_by ^op

• has temporal projection ^op
• P4 has time-span ^op

This class comprises extents in the natural space where people live, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, people are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object, i.e. H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance. Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).

This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes.

E55 Type is the CIDOC CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e., instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P127_has_broader_term ^op
• function assumed by ^op

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P127_has_broader_term ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P31_has_modified ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP15_ascribes_function ^op
• has function ^op

• Function ^c
• Uncertainty Value ^c

Scope note: This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles. While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations. The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event. While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the size of the phenomena. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy overall effect and are thus not instances of E5 Event.

Examples: - the birth of Cleopatra (E67) (Pomeroy, 1984) - the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6) (Camardo, 2013) - World War II (E7) (Barber, 1994) - the Battle of Stalingrad (E7) (Hoyt, 1993) - the Yalta Conference (E7) (Harbutt, 2010) - my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7) - the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday (fictitious) - the CIDOC conference 2003 (E7)

In First Order Logic: - E5(x) ⇒ E4(x)

• P11 had participant ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P12_occurred_in_the_presence_of ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP111_initiated ^op
• event member of ^op

• ZP75 applies for context (is context for) ^op
• hasMemberEvent ^op

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P79_beginning_is_qualified_by ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P80_end_is_qualified_by ^op

This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible.

This class comprises activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being increased, enlarged or augmented by the addition of a part. Typical scenarios include the attachment of an accessory, the integration of a component, the addition of an element to an aggregate object, or the accessioning of an object into a curated instance of E78 Curated Holding. Both the E18 Physical Thing being augmented and the E18 Physical Thing that is being added are treated as separate identifiable wholes prior to the instance of E79 Part Addition. Following the addition of parts, the resulting assemblages are treated objectively as single identifiable wholes, made up of constituent or component parts bound together either physically (for example the engine becoming a part of the car), or by sharing a common purpose (such as the 32 chess pieces that make up a chess set). This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history and continuity of identity of objects that are integrated into other objects over time, such as precious gemstones being repeatedly incorporated into different items of jewellery, or cultural artefacts being added to different museum instances of E78 Curated Holding over their lifespan..

• augmented ^op
• added ^op

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P14_carried_out_by ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P17_was_motivated_by ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P33_used_specific_technique ^op

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E11_Modification ^c
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E13_Attribute_Assignment ^c
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/CRMinf/I1_Argumentation ^c
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZE13_Speech_Act ^c
• ConceptualVariation ^c

This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part.Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated collection, an instance of E78 Curated Holding. If the instance of E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an instance of E81 Transformation, i.e., a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be modelled as both an instance of E80 Part Removal and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan.

• diminished ^op
• removed ^op

• P10 falls within ^op
• contains ^op
• spatiotemporally overlaps with ^op
• is spatiotemporally separated from ^op
• has temporal projection ^op
• has spatial projection ^op

• P10 falls within ^op
• contains ^op
• spatiotemporally overlaps with ^op
• is spatiotemporally separated from ^op

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/CRMinf/J4_that ^op
• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/CRMinf/J5_holds_to_be ^op

Any container for entities that share one or more common properties. E.g. \"stone objects\", \"the nurses\", \"the Louvre Aegyptian collection\", all the elections for the Italian President of the Republic. A collection is not a logical class: a collection is a first-order entity, while a class is second-order. A collection is neither an aggregate of its member entities (see e.g. ObjectAggregate class).

A Concept that classifies an Event . An event type describes how an Event should be interpreted, executed, expected, seen, etc., according to the Description that the EventType isDefinedIn (or used in)

A view, consistent with ('satisfying') a Description, on a set of entities. It can also be seen as a 'relational context' created by an observer on the basis of a 'frame' (i.e. a Description). For example, a PlanExecution is a context including some actions executed by agents according to certain parameters and expected tasks to be achieved from a Plan; a DiagnosedSituation is a context of observed entities that is interpreted on the basis of a Diagnosis, etc. Situation is also able to represent reified n-ary relations, where isSettingFor is the top-level relation for all binary projections of the n-ary relation. If used in a transformation pattern for n-ary relations, the designer should take care of adding (some or all) OWL2 keys, corresponding to binary projections of the n-ary, to a subclass of Situation. Otherwise the 'identification constraint' (Calvanese et al., IJCAI 2001) might be violated.

Any Region in a dimensional space that aims at representing time.

A temporal entity with zero extent or duration

A temporal entity with an extent or duration

A temporal interval or instant.

• Time instant ^c
• Time interval ^c

An instance of institutional fact is an ascription of a status function to an object by a community. The institutional fact is a concretization of a collective intentionality of the community in question towards a certain object over a certain period of time. An instance of institutional fact is recognizable to a competent speaker/member of a symbolic community (native or learner with sufficient competence). It may not be perceived through a single sense impression but through multiple experiences and implicit reasonings (e.g.: embedded participation, behavioural observation, linguistic evidence and interview), yet typically such intermediate observations and inferences are not necessarily recorded or accessible. The historical statement is typically the assertion of the institutional fact, that such and such a fact was the case, and was in force for a given community, at some time. The epistemic veridicality of the stated /reference instance of institutional fact is always open to contestation. The means of contestation involve analyzing the sources which support it. Instances of institutional fact come into existence based on conventions establishing the conditions under which they come into effect. Typically, an instance of institutional fact will come into existence either because of the performance of its stipulated, initiating speech act (e.g.: state of being married via marriage) or as a result of events fulfilling existing norm prescriptions in the community (e.g.: state of being uncle as result of birth of child of sister).  An institutional fact comes to be through the agreed fiat of a community. It typically ceases to exist either because of a stipulated, nullifying speech act (e.g. divorce proceeding), because a community ceases to support the effective rule supporting its declaration (e.g.: ownership of people) or force majeure (e.g.: object ascribed function/status or community perceiving status is eliminated).

• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP113_has_successor_status ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP1_has_intentional_subject ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP2_ascribes_intentional_target ^op
• ZP4 holds for ^op
• ZP75 applies for context (is context for) ^op
• fact included in ^op

• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP101_affirmed ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP111_initiated ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP113_has_successor_status ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP1i_is_intentional_subject_of ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP2i_is_intentional_target_ascribed_by ^op
• includesFact ^op

• ZE4 Classificatory Status ^c
• Historical Frame Status ^c

An instance of classificatory status is the collective ascription of a type to an object by a community. The substance of the classificatory status is the communal commitment to the classification of the object in question according to the designated type. Instances of classificatory status are recognizable through evidence of community members adopting the intentional stance of so-classifying the object in question, as observable from direct witnesses, through the reports of competent observers or through evidence of a declarative act [e.g.: E17 Type Assignment] initiating this status. Instances of classificatory status may come to be through a formal process such as a declarative act of classification [E17 Type Assignment], or may have arisen through habit, fiat or be of unknown origin. Instances of classificatory status may end either though a formal process, such as a new declarative act of classification, be officially declassified, or may simply fade out of use, be eliminated by fiat or be of unknown reason. 

An instance of function status is the collective ascription of an operative functionality to an object by a community. The substance of the function status is the communal commitment to relating to and / or using the object in question according to a designated function. Instances of function status are recognizable through evidence of community members adopting the intentional stance of so using or relating to the object in question, as observable from direct witnesses, through the reports of competent observers or through evidence of a declarative act [e.g.: E17 Type Assignment] initiating this status. Instances of function status may come to be through a formal process such as a declarative act of classification [E17 type Assignment], or may have arisen through habit, fiat or be of unknown origin. Instances of function status may end either though a formal process, such as a new declarative act of classification, or may simply fade out of use, be eliminated by fiat or by unknown reason.

• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP14_has_functional_subject ^op
• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP15_ascribes_function ^op

The class identifies an activity that modifies immaterial visual traits of a CH object, such as the subject depicted, creating two versions of the immaterial object, which correspond to the version preceding the intervention and the one resulting from it.

• conceptuallyModifies ^op
• createsConceptualVersion ^op

Fuzzy class to indicate the broad concept of culture of which the frame observes some features (e.g., Belief that St. Servatius drunk from the drinking cup)

A class identifying the function that an object acquires

• Practical Function ^c
• Social Function ^c

• The Historical Frame captures the space-time continuum to relate the observed CH object(s) to socio-cultural characteristics of the same context(s). It captures a portion of spacetime in which the CH object coexisted with immaterial, cultural traits that interacted with them.

• The Historical Frame captures the space-time continuum to relate the observed CH object(s) to socio-cultural characteristics of the same context(s), identifying sets of traits commonly recognized as existing in specific time-space contexts.

• includes cultural trait ^op
• is historical frame ascribed by ^op
• refers to culture ^op

• ascribes historical frame ^op
• culture is referred by ^op
• has context ^op

An Historical Frame Declaration is an act attributing an Historical Frame Status to an Historical Frame

This entity describes the declared status expressing that a certain object has as context an historical frame. It is the result of a Historical Frame Declaration act. For example, an instance of this class is the status that St. Servatius' Cup has as context the Historical Frame 1st Century AC - Roman Context.

• ascribes historical frame ^op
• has historical frame subject ^op

• is historical frame ascribed by ^op
• is historical frame subject of ^op

Objects observed in situations of events repeated over time, either in regular or irregular intervals, presenting unifying characteristics

• http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Collection ^c
• http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Situation ^c

• hasTimePeriod ^op
• includesEventsOfType ^op
• includesFact ^op

• event member of ^op
• event type included in ^op
• fact included in ^op

• ObjectInRecurrentIrregularEvent ^c
• ObjectInRecurrentRegularEvent ^c

A situation grouping events in which the same object participates having similar, unifying characteristics over time (e.g., function).

A situation in which unifying characteristics of events regularly recurring over time are identified, and the time interval with which they are repeated can be indicated.

A class identifying the practical function that an object acquires (e.g., the “drinking” function of a vessel)

A class identifying the socially attributed, non strictly practical function that an object acquires (e.g., the healing function of St. Servatius cup in a catholic context)

'A ga:Storyline is a UFO:ComplexEvent that can be split into (i) ga:Object-Storyline, which is composed of participations of a single UFO:Object, and (ii) ga:Bundle-Storyline (Kublers’ “fibers of duration”), in which two or more UFO:Objects participate.'

See the UML model of Storylines defined in: van den Heuvel, C., & Zamborlini, V. (2021). Chapter 6. Modeling and Visualizing Storylines of Historical Interactions. Kubler’s Shape of Time and Rembrandt’s Night Watch. In R. P. Smiraglia & A. Scharnhorst (Eds.), Linking Knowledge (pp. 99–141). Ergon – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956506611-99

This class expresses the degree of certainty with which an object or fact of the past is reconstructed. The degree depends on the availability and reliability of sources, and should be determined through a scale. We recommend using the scale defined by Foschi et al (2023). The class is derived from M28_Certainty_Value of OntPreHer3D.

Foschi Riccardo, Fallavollita Federico, Apollonio Fabrizion Ivan. “Quantifying Uncertainty in Hypothetical 3D Reconstruction—A User-Independent Methodology for the Calculation of Average Uncertainty”. Heritage 7, 8 (August 2024): 4440–54. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080209

Example term taken from Panofsky's studies, can be used as a specification of a cultural phenomemon if it can be considered an Attitude

Example term taken from Panofsky's studies, can be used as a specification of a cultural phenomemon if it can be considered a Belief

The cultural phenomenon entity expresses the cultural, social and historical aspects of which the work of art can be document. The iconographical evolution of subjects can have a cultural meaning as well. Also the personal characteristics of the artist, or of the patron, can be involved (Wittkower, Van Straten). The cultural phenomena are the object of investigation of an iconological interpretation (Van Straten, 2012, p. 12), which is considered, in the current work, a level 3 interpretation.

• Attitude ^c
• Belief ^c
• Cultural Value ^c
• Tendency ^c

Example term taken from Panofsky's studies, can be used as a specification of a cultural phenomemon if it can be considered a CulturalValue

Example term taken from Panofsky's studies, can be used as a specification of a cultural phenomemon if it can be considered a tendency

This property associates an instance of L2 Stimulus Generation with the L1 Sensory Stimulus which was created by the event.

This property associates an instance of L3 Sensory Experience with the L1 Sensory Stimulus which was experienced.

This property associates an instance of L3 Sensory Experience with a (material or conceptual) entity which is evoked during the experience itself. This includes memories of people or situations, comparison to similar stimuli, references, etc.

• Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

  Scope note: This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter. This property is transitive and reflexive.

  Examples: - The Great Plague (E4) falls within The Gothic period (E4). (Porter, 2009)

  In First Order Logic: - P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(x) - P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(y) - P10(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y) - P10(x,y) ∧ P10(y,z)] ⇒ P10(x,z) - P10(x,x)

• This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter. This property is transitive and reflexive.

This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added during an instance of E79 Part Addition activity.

This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was diminished by an instance of E80 Part Removal.Although an instance of E80 Part removal activity normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be diminished by a single instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note: This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event. It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction. The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.

Examples: - Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018) - Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic: - P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)

• removed ^op
• P11 had participant ^op

This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have some of their extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must have some of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely. If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P133 is spatiotemporally separated from also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available. This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is reflexive.

• P10 falls within ^op
• contains ^op

This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have no extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must not have any of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely. If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available. This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is irreflexive.

This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is the same as P160 has temporal projection if it is used to document an instance of E4 Period or any subclass of it.

This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E53 Place that is the result of the spatial projection of the instance of the E92 Spacetime Volume on a reference space. In general, there can be more than one useful reference space (for reference space see P156 occupies and P157 is at rest relative to) to describe the spatial projection of a spacetime volume, for example, in describing a sea battle, the difference between the battle ship and the seafloor as reference spaces. Thus, it can be seen that the projection is not unique. The spatial projection is the actual spatial coverage of a spacetime volume, which normally has fuzzy boundaries except for instances of E92 Spacetime Volume which are geometrically defined in the same reference system as the range of this property and are an exception to this and do not have fuzzy boundaries. Modelling explicitly fuzzy spatial projections serves therefore as a common topological reference of different spatial approximations rather than absolute geometric determination, for instance for relating outer or inner spatial boundaries for the respective spacetime volumes. The spatial projection is unique with respect to the reference system. For instance, there is exactly one spatial projection of Lord Nelson’s dying relative to the ship HMS Victory, i.e. the location of his body relative to the ship HMS Victory at the time of his death. In case the domain of an instance of P161 has spatial projection is an instance of E4 Period, the spatial projection describes all areas that period was ever present at, for instance, the Roman Empire. This property is part of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place, which in turn is implied by P156 occupies (is occupied by).

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note: This property allows sub-typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub-entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL”, etc., none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document. This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type.

Examples: - “enquiries@cidoc-crm.org” (E41) has type e-mail address (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic: - P2(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P2(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P2(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E17(z)] ˄ P41i(x,z) ˄ P42(z,y)]

• augmented ^op
• diminished ^op

Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note: This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events.

Examples: - The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010)

In First Order Logic: - P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)

This property documents an instance of E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (is shown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about what the instance of E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent. An instance of E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent.For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular portrait.P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks and symbols, for example the ''Maltese Cross'' or the ''copyright symbol’ that have no particular representational content. This property is part of the fully developed path E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by).

• has participant ^op
• precedes ^op

A relation between an object and a process, e.g. 'John took part in the discussion', 'a large mass of snow fell during the avalanche', or 'a cook, some sugar, flour, etc. are all present in the cooking of a cake'.

• includesEventsOfType ^op
• includesFact ^op

A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema. E.g. 'year 1999 precedes 2000', 'deciding what coffee to use' precedes 'preparing coffee', 'World War II follows World War I', 'in the Milan to Rome autoroute, Bologna precedes Florence', etc. It can then be used between tasks, processes, time intervals, spatially locate objects, situations, etc. Subproperties can be defined in order to distinguish the different uses.

This property is used to indicate the entity for which a certain functional classification is taken to hold by the instance of functional status.

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E1_CRM_Entity ^c
• Thing ^c

• https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/aaao/ZP11_has_classificatory_subject ^op
• has historical frame subject ^op

This property is used to indicate the community or group for whom an instance of institutional fact holds. Institutional facts have identity only relative to some group for whom they have a significance as formulated through a chosen symbolic system.

This property is used to indicate an event context which limits the temporal scope within which an instance of institutional fact is meant to hold. When indicated the event context stands as the frame in which the institutional fact is held to be valid by the associated group for whom it has significance.

Value of an interval, expressed using EDTF

# June 2004 to August 2006

:when a time:ProperInterval ;
  edtfo:hasEDTFDateTimeDescription "2004-06/2006-08"^^edtf:EDTF
  .

Position of an instant, expressed using EDTF

# the calendar year 1985

:when a time:Instant ;
  edtfo:inEDTFDateTime "1985"^^edtf:EDTF
  .

This property relates a historical frame to the declaration act which establishes a connection with the historical frame status of an object. . For example, the status describing the fact that St. Servatius' Cup was created in the 1st Century AC is related to the historical frame "1st Century AC, Roman context".

A relation specifying the thing believed in the belief system of the culture in question.

The property relates the :ConceptualVariation to the Visual Item it modifies, i.e., the version of the work before the intervention

The property relates the :ConceptualVariation to the Visual Item version resulting from intervention

Relation connecting a culture with an historical frame observing it

Property to indicate that an event is included in a event series, based on the Recurrent Situation / Recurrent Event Series ODPs.

Specifies the type of event (e.g., mass, procession) that all the events in the event series have.

Property expressing that the indicated institutional fact is included in the situation representing a series of events repeating over time.

Property relating a function with the object assuming it

Generic relation that expresses that an entity motivates the existence or characteristics of another one (e.g., the belief that St. Servatius drunk from the cup motivates the healing function of the cup)

Subproperty of :hasContext to specifically express that the object examined is related to the cultural context in which it was created (e.g., “Roman culture, is the creation context of the Roman cup created in I Century)

Property expressing the function that a CH object has. It is a shortcut for the longer path aaao:ZE5_Function Status aaao:ZP14_has_functional_subject crm:E1_Entity; aaao:ZP15 _ascribes_function crm:E55_Type. It is declared as subroperty of crm:P2_has_type and as a superproprerty of crm:P103_was_intended_forand crm:P101_had_as_general_use, which add more detail to the usage or function that the object has.

This property relates a historical frame declaration to the object that is associated with a Historical Frame. For example, St. Servatius' Cup is related to the declaration that such cup belongs to the 1st Century AC.

Property relating a recurrent event series to the time frequency with which it occurs. It belongs to the Time Period Pattern, not imported because currently not available

The property relates a Historical Frame with the immaterial traits of a culture that are relevant for the understanding of the objects. Once ontologies for societal aspects (e.g., SDHSS) will be fully worked out, the range of this property will be updated.

Relate the event series with the type of event that is included (e.g., mass, procession).

This property relates an object to the historical frame status associating it with an Historical Frame. For example, St. Servatius' Cup is related to the status affirming that such cup belongs to the 1st Century AC.

The property relates a CH artifact to the physical versions that are created by a physical act that consistently modifies the artifact but without affecting its identity. It is the result of the action of a crm:E81_Transformation that generates a new version of the item (and not a fully new item).

Generic relation expressing that the existence or characteristics of an entity are motivated by another one (e.g., the healing function of St. Servatius Cup is motivated by the belief that St. Servatius drank from it).

Generic relation that expresses that an entity motivates the existence or characteristics of another one (e.g., the belief that St. Servatius drunk from the cup motivates the healing function of the cup)

Relation of historical frame to the fuzzy culture it observes